Water is the source of life. However, with the acceleration of the industrialization process and the growth of the population, the problem of water pollution has become increasingly severe. To meet people's demand for clean water resources, a variety of water treatment technologies have emerged.

Sedimentation and filtration are the most basic and common water treatment methods. Sedimentation makes use of the effect of gravity to allow suspended particulate impurities in water to settle naturally to the bottom. In large water treatment plants, raw water will first flow into sedimentation tanks. After a period of standing still, impurities such as silt and larger particulate organic matter will gradually settle down. Filtration involves passing water through filtering media with different pore sizes, such as quartz sand and activated carbon, to further remove tiny suspended particles, colloids and some dissolved organic substances. Activated carbon has a rich pore structure, which can not only intercept impurities but also adsorb odors in water and some heavy metal ions, greatly improving water quality.

Disinfection technology is indispensable in water treatment, aiming to kill pathogenic microorganisms in water and ensure the safety of drinking water. Chlorine disinfection is a traditional and widely used method. When chlorine dissolves in water, it forms hypochlorous acid, which has strong oxidizing properties and can destroy the structures of bacteria and viruses, thus achieving the disinfection effect. However, since chlorine may react with organic substances in water to generate harmful disinfection by-products, methods such as chlorine dioxide disinfection and ultraviolet disinfection have gradually emerged in recent years. Chlorine dioxide has high disinfection efficiency and relatively fewer disinfection by-products. Ultraviolet disinfection uses ultraviolet irradiation to destroy the DNA structures of microorganisms, which is fast and leaves no chemical residues. However, it has no continuous sterilizati